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Crack is Wack (1986), mural byThe crack epidemic in the United States was a surge of use in major cities across the between the early 1980s and the early 1990s. This resulted in a number of social consequences, such as increasing crime and violence in American neighborhoods, as well as a resulting backlash in the form of policies.In 1986, the U.S. Congress passed laws that created a 100 to 1 sentencing disparity for the possession or of when compared to penalties for trafficking of. These were criticized as discriminatory against minorities, mostly, who were more likely to use crack than powder cocaine. 'Rocks' of crack cocaine, with a ruler (marked in inches) for referenceThe name 'crack' first appeared in the New York Times on November 17, 1985. Within a year more than a thousand press stories had been released about the drug. In the early 1980s, the majority of being shipped to the United States was landing in, and originated in the.
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Soon there was a huge glut of cocaine powder in these islands, which caused the price to drop by as much as 80 percent. Faced with dropping prices for their illegal product, made a decision to convert the powder to 'crack', a solid smokeable form of cocaine, that could be sold in smaller quantities, to more people. It was cheap, simple to produce, ready to use, and highly profitable for to develop. As early as 1981, reports of crack were appearing in, Miami, and in the.Initially, crack had higher purity than street powder. Around 1984, powder cocaine was available on the street at an average of 55 percent purity for $100 per gram (equivalent to $241 in 2018), and crack was sold at average purity levels of 80-plus percent for the same price. In some major cities, such as, and, one dose of crack could be obtained for as little as $2.50 (equivalent to $6.04 in 2018).According to the 1985–1986 National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee Report, crack was available in, and.In 1985, -related hospital rose by 12 percent, from 23,500 to 26,300. In 1986, these incidents increased 110 percent, from 26,300 to 55,200.
Between 1984 and 1987, cocaine incidents increased to 94,000. By 1987, crack was reported to be available in the and all but four states in the United States.Some have cited the crack 'epidemic' as an example of a, noting that the explosion in use and of the drug actually occurred after the media coverage of the drug as an 'epidemic'.Later, the epidemic died down, as a new generation avoided the drug after seeing the powerfully destructive effects on a previous generation. Some died, some were jailed, but many tired of the side effects. Impact by region In a study done by, and, a crack index was calculated using information on cocaine-related arrests, deaths, and drug raids, along with low birth rates and media coverage in the United States. The crack index aimed to create a proxy for the percentage of cocaine related incidents that involved crack. Crack was a virtually unknown drug until 1985. This abrupt introductory date allows for the estimation and use of the index with the knowledge that values prior to 1985 are zero.
– This index showed that the Northeast U.S. Was most affected by the crack epidemic. Cities with the highest crack index were, and.The same index used by Fryer, Levitt and Murphy was then implemented in a study that investigated the impacts of crack cocaine across the United States. In cities with populations over 350,000 the instances of crack cocaine were twice as high as those in cities with a population less than 350,000. These indicators show that the use of crack cocaine was most impactful in urban areas.States and regions with concentrated urban populations were affected at a much higher rate, while states with primarily rural populations were least affected. Maryland, New York and New Mexico had the highest instances of crack cocaine, while Idaho, Minnesota and Vermont had the lowest instances of crack cocaine use. Crime Between 1984 and 1989, the homicide rate for black males aged 14 to 17 more than doubled, and the homicide rate for black males aged 18 to 24 increased nearly as much.
During this period, the black community also experienced a 20–100% increase in fetal death rates, low birth-weight babies, weapons arrests, and the number of children in foster care. The United States remains the largest overall consumer of narcotics in the world as of 2014.A 2018 study found that the crack epidemic had long-run consequences for crime, contributing to the doubling of the murder rate of young black males soon after the start of the epidemic, and that the murder rate was still 70 percent higher 17 years after crack's arrival. The paper estimated that eight percent of the murders in 2000 are due to the long-run effects of the emergence of crack markets, and that the elevated murder rates for young black males can explain a significant part of the gap in life expectancy between black and white males.The reasons for these increases in crime were mostly because distribution for the drug to the end-user occurred mainly in low-income neighborhoods. This gave many inner-city residents the opportunity to move up the 'economic ladder' in a drug market that allowed dealers to charge a low minimum price.Crack cocaine use and distribution became popular in cities that were in a state of social and economic chaos such as New York, Los Angeles and Atlanta. 'As a result of the low-skill levels and minimal initial resource outlay required to sell crack, systemic violence flourished as a growing army of young, enthusiastic inner-city crack sellers attempt to defend their economic investment.' Once the drug became embedded in the particular communities, the economic environment that was best suited for its survival caused further social disintegration within that city.Sentencing disparities In 1986, the U.S.
Congress passed laws that created a 100 to 1 sentencing disparity for the possession or trafficking of when compared to penalties for trafficking of, which had been widely criticized as discriminatory against minorities, mostly African-Americans, who were more likely to use crack than powder cocaine. This 100:1 ratio had been required under federal law since 1986. Persons convicted in federal court of possession of 5 grams of crack cocaine received a of 5 years in federal prison. On the other hand, possession of 500 grams of powder cocaine carries the same sentence.
In 2010, the cut the sentencing disparity to 18:1.In the year 2000, the number of incarcerated African Americans had become 26 times the amount it had been in 1983. In 2012, 88% of imprisonments from crack cocaine were African American. Further, the data shows the discrepancy between lengths of sentences of crack cocaine and heroin. The majority of crack imprisonments are placed in the 10–20 year range, while the imprisonments related to heroin use or possession range from 5–10 years which has led many to question and analyze the role race plays in this disparity.
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